Who Are the Pashtun People of Afghanistan and Pakistan

With a population of at least 50 million, the Pashtun people are Afghanistans largest ethnic group​, and are also the second-largest ethnicity in Pakistan. They are also known as Pathans. Pashtun Culture Pashtuns are united by the Pashto language, which is a member of the Indo-Iranian language family, although many also speak Dari (Persian) or Urdu. One important aspect of traditional Pashtun culture is the code of Pashtunwali or Pathanwali, which sets out standards for individual and communal behavior. This code may date back to at least the second century B.C.E., although undoubtedly it has undergone some modifications in the past two thousand years. Some of the principles of Pashtunwali include hospitality, justice, courage, loyalty, and honoring women. Origins Interestingly, the Pashtuns do not have a single origin myth. Since DNA evidence shows that Central Asia was among the first places peopled after humans left Africa, the ancestors of the Pashtuns may have been in the area for an incredibly long time—so long that they no longer even tell stories of having come from someplace else. The Hindu origin story, the Rigveda, which was created as early as B.C.E. 1700, mentions a people called the Paktha who lived in what is now Afghanistan. It seems likely that the ancestors of the Pashtun have been in the area for at least 4,000 years, then, and probably far longer. Many scholars believe that the Pashtun people are descended from several ancestral groups. Likely the foundational population were of eastern Iranian origin and brought the Indo-European language east with them. They probably mixed with other peoples, including possibly the Kushans, the Hephthalites or White Huns, Arabs, Mughals, and others who passed through the area. Specifically, Pashtuns in the Kandahar region have a tradition that they are descended from the Greco-Macedonian troops of Alexander the Great, who invaded the area in B.C.E. 330. Pashtun History Important Pashtun rulers have included the Lodi Dynasty, which ruled Afghanistan and northern India during the Delhi Sultanate period (1206 to 1526 C.E.).  The Lodi Dynasty (1451 to 1526 C.E.) was the final of the five Delhi sultanates, and was defeated by Babur the Great, who founded the Mughal Empire. Up until the late nineteenth century C.E., outsiders generally just called the Pashtuns Afghans. However, once the nation of Afghanistan took its modern form, that word came to be applied to citizens of that country, regardless of their ethnic origin. The Pashtuns of Afghanistan and Pakistan had to be distinguished from other people in Afghanistan, such as the ethnic Tajiks, Uzbeks, and Hazara. The Pashtun Today Most Pashtuns today are Sunni Muslims, although a small minority are Shia. As a result, some aspects of Pashtunwali seem to derive from Muslim law, which was introduced long after the code first developed. For example, one important concept in Pashtunwali is the worship of a single god, Allah. After the Partition of India in 1947, some Pashtuns called for the creation of Pashtunistan, carved from the Pashtun-dominated areas of Pakistan and Afghanistan.  Although this idea remains alive among hardline Pashtun nationalists, it seems unlikely to come to fruition. Famous Pashtun people in history include the Ghaznavids, the Lodi family, who ruled the fifth iteration of the Delhi Sultanate, former Afghan president Hamid Karzai, and 2014  Nobel Peace Prize laureate Malala Yousafzai.

Hamlet and Horatio Best Friends for Life an Analysis of...

3 November 2009 Hamlet and Horatio Best Friends for Life: an Analysis of Hamlet In Hamlet, two characters I believe to be important are Hamlet and his friend, Horatio. Horatio is the second most important character in the play. Horatio is Hamlet’s best friend and advisor. Horatio never keeps anything from Hamlet. In Act one, scene one; Horatio, Bernardo, and Marcellus see the ghost of king Hamlet who was killed by his brother, Claudius. After the ghost disappears, Horatio tells Marcellus and Bernardo to reveal to Hamlet what they have seen. â€Å"†¦Let us impart what we have seen tonight Unto young Hamlet; for upon my life, This spirit, dumb to†¦show more content†¦O most wicked speed, to post With such dexterity to incestuous sheets! It is not, nor it cannot come to good. But break, my heart, for I must hold my tongue.† ( Act 1, Scene 2). In Act two, Scene one, we see a hint of Hamlet’s love for Ophelia. In Act two, scene two, Hamlet doubts the spirit of his father, and thinks that his father could be telling the truth or telling a lie. He is not quite sure which is truth and which is false. We see that Hamlet has many questions as to what he could do to see if the ghost is telling the truth. He decides to put on a play with a scene that he has added. In Act three, scene one, we get a peek of how he seems to know everything. â€Å"Let the doors be shut upon him [Polonius], that he may play the fool nowhere but in’s own house. Farewell.† In this Act, he says things to Ophelia that I believe he does not mean, such as, â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery.’’ I believe he is saying what he says for the benefit of Polonius, Ophelia’s father. Polonius believes that Hamlet is mad, or insane. â€Å"Your noble son is mad.† Hamlet is abhorrent toward Claudius because Claudius killed his father. 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Yutaka Nakamura free essay sample

Yutaka Nakamura Case Study Case Summary Yutaka Nakamura is a 44 year old Japanese man who works in the sales department of a large electronics firm. 4 years ago, Yutaka and his family (Son: Kenichi, Daughter: Yukimi and Wife: Chizuru) were sent to work in a key subsidiary in California. After becoming accustomed to living in the United States, Yutakas time was up and it was time for him and his family to return to Japan. Although Yutaka and his family enjoyed their life in America, they were all excited to go home. Unfortunately, their return to Japan did not go as smooth as they had anticipated. The kids, Chizuru and Yutaka each had their own particular problems in adjusting back to life in Japan. The kids main problem with the return dealt with their education. Even though Kenichi and Yukimi spent weekends in special Japanese school, they were still somewhat behind in several key areas. We will write a custom essay sample on Yutaka Nakamura or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In particular, they were behind in math, science and written Japanese. Chizuru and Yutaka began to get phone calls home regarding their childrens struggles in the classroom from the schools teachers and administrators. In particular they claimed that Kenichi was unwilling to accept facts tated by the teachers and constantly wanted to the logic behind the various statements, he asked way too many questions during class and his teachers claimed that his memorization skills seemed to be quite poor. Yukimi, on the other hand, appeared to be adjusting a little easier than Kenichi but she claimed that her classmates were calling her Gaijin (which means foreigner in Japanese). Both Kenichi and Yukimi also claimed that their peers had been ridiculing them about some of their clothes that they had purchased while they were living in California. Chizuru also faced problems adjusting back to life in Japan. It had taken her about a year to get used to life in California, but now that she has returned to Japan she missed many things about her life in California. What she missed most about the United States was the parities she and Yutaka would attend/host at their house. Her role during parties in California was extremely different than her role during parties in Japan. In California she and Yutaka would host the party together and throughout the night their guests would comment about how lovely her house was, how wonderful the dinner was and beautiful she looked. In Japan they rarely had people ver and when they did she was more of a waitress than a host. When she had first returned to Japan, Chizuru had tried to re-establish relationships with her friends she had before her family and her went to the United States. However, Chizurus friends completely gave her the cold shoulder. Whenever she tried to tell them about stories and things she had experienced in California, her friends quickly seemed disinterested and on some occasions accused her of showing off. This deeply hurt Chizuru. Despite her own difficulties, Chizuru often felt depressed about her hildrens difficulties that they were having in school. On top of that she felt that her Yutaka had in Japan. Other than all of his familys hardships, incidents big and small had taken a toll on Yutaka since his return to Japan. Since his return he often had trouble sleeping, had a poor appetite, and often had throbbing headaches. Yutakas life at work and his life at home had both been suffering since his return. At home; Sunday was his only free day and on his free day all he wanted to do was sleep, all he received was complaints from the family about his unwillingness to spend time with them. It seemed as if no matter what he did, someone was complaining. At work, not long after his return home to Japan, he was reading a Newsweek on the train into work Just as he had often done before his assignment to America. However, once he had gotten to his office, several of his peers chided him for showing off his language skills and reading an English magazine instead of reading one of the more traditional Japanese news magazines. He was also frustrated about the slow decision making process in Japan. In the United States everything was much faster paced and he had more authority nd responsibility. Back in Japan, even with simple decisions he had to Jump through hoops and talk to multiple people to resolve the problem (which he felt was unnecessary). Yutaka and his family are now faced with some tough decisions to make. Should they stay in Japan or should Yutaka request another overseas assignment? If they decide to stay in Japan; what are they going to do about Kenichis and Yukimis problems in school? What can they do about their suffering family life at home? And what is Yutaka going to do about his deficiencies at work?

The Influence Of Religion On Society Essays - Christianity, Religion

The Influence Of Religion On Society Ever since the dawn of the 16th Century, much of the European countries were controlled or greatly affected by reining religions. Throughout much of history, the dominating Roman Catholic Church was the major cause of battles and wars. This was especially a causing factor of the Thirty-Year's War in Western Europe. Many rulers used religion as an excuse to disturb the peace and take control of another country. During those times, religions were used as force. Whenever the Emperor or Empress of a different belief inherits or steps into power, their whole country is officially under their religion. (Modern World History, Unit 2) The most significant religion change came when Henry VII of England wanted to divorce to have a boy. The pope denied this right, thus leaving him without a heir. Acting as a very desperate man, he banned the Catholic Church and became Protestant. (Modern World History, 51) Church is where everybody, poor and rich gather for a prayers. Sometimes people go to church for salvation and a passage to heaven. Unfortunately the Roman Catholic Church took advantage of those people, taking money from people to be forgiven by God. Indulgences occurred during the time of Pope Leo X whereas people paid large sums of money to the clergymen for the clergy's own well being. Adding to the fact, popes of the Roman Catholic Church had the luxury of eating well, dressing well and hunting; which disturbed many people to see the head of the church act this way. This upset many people, thus lead to the Reformation. (Martin Luther: Saint and Sinner, 70) The Reformation, as it was know began when a scholar, Martin Luther saw follies of religious and moral deficiencies of certain sections of the clergy of the Holy Roman Empire in Germany in 1517. However, the reformation was much influenced by political and economic factors. The sale of indulgences to gain salvation gave large sums of money, most of which contributed to the wealth of the clergy. ( http://members.aol.com/RAToepfer/webdoc7x.htm) In the meanwhile, there was a growing reaction of princes and jurists against the materialism of the papacy and the growing wealth of the clergy in Germany. Action came about, the princes and jurists revolted changing their religion to Lutheranism. More so did it help the wealthy than the paupers did. (Martin Luther: Saint and Sinner, 134) The German nobles adopted the new ideas of the Lutheran doctrine that enabled them to appropriate Church property, challenging the authority of the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, thus challenging the right of ownership of land. The acquisition of land and church was synonymous. ( http://members.aol.com/RAToepfer/webdoc7x.htm) If the German noble was of Lutheran persuasion, it was then decreed that all of his subjects were Lutheran. Therefore, all of the tithe made by the subjects would be paid to the noble. In addition, churches and cathedrals that were formerly Catholic was confiscated, and became the property of the Nobles. All former Holy Roman church property, and all of the subjects, were gained as property of the Nobility, thus increasing their wealth and power. ( http://members.aol.com/RAToepfer/webdoc7x.htm) Meanwhile in the science community during 1564-1642, Galileo had found out that many previously held beliefs about nature to be false. One of the most important was that the universe revolved around the Earth. This brings Galileo into conflict with the Church because many of these deceits were part of church dogma. He denies that psychological knowledge can be studied scientifically thereby preventing the development of psychology. Galileo showed that several of Aristotle's truths to be false and, by using a telescope. He extended the known number of bodies in the solar system to 11. Galileo also argued that science could deal only with objective reality and that because human perceptions were subjective, they were outside the realm of science. The Church found this very disturbing, thus forced him to deny himself the truth and put him under house arrest. After 4 centuries, we have proved that Galileo was right. The Pope apologized sometime in the 1930s. (http://wizard.ucr.edu/~kmcne ill/psy575/15-1700.htm) In 1571 the pope called on all Catholic princes to take up arms against the Ottoman Empire. So King Philip II of Spain acted immediately sending two hundred