The Return Shadow Souls Chapter 41 Free Essays

string(28) that had brought it about. â€Å"Stefan!† Elena shouted and realized that she seemed like a madwoman when she shouted it. There was no answer. She was running. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 41 or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now Following the light. â€Å"Stefan! Stefan!† An unfilled cell. A yellowed mummy. A pyramid of residue. By one way or another, subliminally, she associated one with these things. What's more, any one would have made her headed out to battle Bloddeuwedd with her uncovered hands. Rather, when she arrived at the correct cell, she saw an exhausted youngster, whose face showed that he had surrendered all expectation. He lifted a stick-slim arm, dismissing her totally. â€Å"They came clean with me. You were sent out for helping a detainee. I’m not helpless to dreams anymore.† â€Å"Stefan!† She tumbled to her knees. â€Å"Do we need to experience this each and every time?† â€Å"Do you know how frequently they re-make you, bitch?† Elena was stunned. More than stunned. However, the following second the disdain had blurred from his face. â€Å"At least I get the opportunity to take a gander at you. I had†¦I had an image. Be that as it may, they took that, obviously. They cut it up, gradually, making me watch. Here and there they made me cut it. In the event that I didn’t cut it, they would †â€Å" â€Å"Oh, dear! Stefan, sweetheart! Take a gander at me. Tune in to the jail. Bloddeuwedd is devastating it. Since I’ve taken the other portion of your key from her home, Stefan, and I am not a fantasy. Do you see this? Did they ever show you this?† She held out the hand with the twofold fox ring on it. â€Å"Now †presently †where do I put it?† â€Å"You are warm. The bars are cold,† Stefan stated, grasping her hand and talking as though recounting out of a children’s book. â€Å"Here!† Elena cried triumphantly. She didn’t need to take the ring off. Stefan was holding her other hand, and this lock worked like a seal ring. She put it straight into a round wretchedness in the divider. At that point, when nothing occurred, she turned it right. Nothing. Left. The cell bars gradually started to lift into the roof. Elena couldn’t trust it and for a moment thought she was daydreaming. At that point when she went forcefully to take a gander at the ground she saw that the bars were at that point in any event a foot above it. At that point she took a gander at Stefan, who was standing once more. Them two fell back to their knees. They would have both gotten down and wriggled like snakes if important, the need to contact was so extraordinary. The flat swaggers on the bars made it incomprehensible for them to clasp hands as the bars lifted. At that point the bars were over the highest point of Elena’s head and she was holding Stefan †she was holding Stefan in her arms! †dismayed to feel bones under her hands, yet holding him, and nobody could reveal to her he was a mental trip or a fantasy, and in the event that she and Stefan needed to bite the dust together, at that point they would kick the bucket together. Nothing made a difference except for that they not be isolated once more. She secured the new, hard face with kisses. Unusual, no half-developed, gone-to-the-wild whiskers, yet vampires didn’t develop facial hair except if they had them when they became vampires. And afterward there were others in the cell. Great individuals. Individuals giggling and crying and helping her make an improvised litter out of smelling covers and Stefan’s bed and nobody shouted when lice hopped on them since everybody realized that Elena would have turned and torn their throat out like Saber. Or on the other hand rather, similar to Saber, yet as Ms. Courtland had consistently stated, with feeling. To Saber it was only work. At that point some way or another †things had started to become disengaged †Elena was viewing Stefan’s darling face and holding his litter, and running †he didn’t gauge anything †up an unexpected hall in comparison to the one she’d battled and carried and pushed and fumbled in on her way in. Evidently all the Shi no Shi’s salmon had picked the other passageway to swim up. Without a doubt there was a protected spot for them toward the end on that side. Furthermore, even as Elena thought about how a face could be so unadulterated, and attractive, and great, in any event, when it looked practically like a skull, she was figuring, I can run and stoop. Also, she twisted around Stefan and her hair made a shield around them, so it was only both of them inside it. The whole outside world was closed out, and they were separated from everyone else, and she said in his ear: â€Å"Please, we need you to be solid. It would be ideal if you †for me. It would be ideal if you †for Bonnie. If you don't mind †for Damon. Request †â€Å" She would have continued naming every one of them, and most likely some again and again, however it was an excess of as of now. After his long hardship, Stefan was in no temperament despite what might be expected. His head shot up and Elena felt more than the typical agony since he was at an inappropriate edge, and Elena was happy in light of the fact that Stefan had struck a vein down its length and blood was streaming into his mouth in a constant flow. They needed to go somewhat more gradually now, or Elena would have stumbled and hued Stefan’s face maroon like a demon’s, yet they were all the while running. Another person was managing them. At that point, out of nowhere they halted. Elena, eyes shut, mind bolted on to Stefan’s, would not have searched up for the world. However, in a second they were moving once more, and there was an inclination of extensive size all around Elena and she understood that they were in the entryway and she needed to ensure everybody knew. It’s on the left half of us now, she sent to Damon. It’s near the front. It’s an entryway with a wide range of images above. I trust I’m acquainted with the species, Damon sent back dryly, yet even he couldn’t conceal two things from her. One was that he was happy, really happy to feel Elena’s happiness, and to realize that it was he, in the principle part, that had achieved it. You read The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 41 in classification Exposition models The other was straightforward. That if there was a decision between the life of himself and the life of his sibling, he would give his own life. For Elena’s purpose, for his own pride. For Stefan. Elena didn’t harp on these mystery things she reserved no privilege to know. She essentially grasped them, let Stefan feel them in the entirety of their crude dynamic quality, and ensured there was no criticism to disclose to Damon that Stefan knew. Holy messengers were singing in paradise for her. Dark Magic flower petals were spreading around her body. There was an arrival of pigeons and she felt their wings. She was cheerful. Be that as it may, she was undependable. She just learned it as she entered the anteroom, yet they were exceptionally fortunate that the Dimensional Door was as an afterthought it was. Bloddeuwedd had deliberately annihilated the opposite side until it had fell into a hill that was only fragmented wood. Elena and Bloddeuwedd’s fight may have begun as a squabble between an entertainer who thought her visitor had defied the house guidelines and a visitor who simply needed to flee, however it had become a war until the very end. Furthermore, given the way vampires, werewolves, evil presences, and other society down here in the Dark Dimension responded, it had drummed up some excitement. The Guardians had their hands full keeping individuals out of the structure. Dead bodies lay tossed in the city. Goodness, God, the individuals! The needy individuals! Elena thought, as this finally came into her field of view. Concerning the Guardians, who were keeping this spot clear and battling Bloddeuwedd for her benefit †God favor you for that, Elena thought, imagining a standing-room-just hall as they attempted to race with Stefan over the floor. As it seemed to be, they were distant from everyone else. â€Å"Now we need your key once more, Elena,† Damon’s voice, simply over her, said. Elena delicately pried Stefan off her throat. â€Å"Just for a second, my sweetheart. Only for a moment.† Taking a gander at the entryway, Elena was bewildered for a few minutes. There was a gap, however nothing happened when she put the ring in it and pushed, stuck, or bent left or right. Somewhere off to the side she saw some dull shadow over her, excused it as insignificant, and afterward had it come shouting at her like a plunge plane, steel claws going after her. There was no rooftop. Bloddeuwedd’s claws had deliberately torn it away. Elena knew it. Since some way or another Elena out of nowhere observed the entire of the circumstance, her part in it, yet as though she were somebody outside her body, who comprehended a lot a larger number of things than diminutive little Elena Gilbert did. The Guardians were here to forestall blow-back. They could or would not stop Bloddeuwedd. Elena realized that, as well. All the individuals running down the other hallway had been doing what an owl’s prey regularly does. They had been running for the base of their tunnel. There was a colossal safe room there. By one way or another, Elena knew it. In any case, presently, blurrily however unquestionably, Bloddeuwedd saw the ones she had been after in any case, the home burglars, the ones who had always put out one of her gigantic round orange far-seeing eyes, and cut her so profoundly that the other eye was loading up with blood. Elena could feel it. Bloddeuwedd could see they were the ones who had made her crush her snout. The crooks, the savages, the ones she would destroy gradually, gradually, an appendage at once, changing starting with one then onto the next as she gripped five or six out of one lot of paws, or as she watched them, unfit to run from absence of appendages, squirming underneath her. Elena could detect it. Underneath her. Right now†¦they were straightforwardly underneath Bloddeuwedd. Bloddeuwedd dove. â€Å"Saber! Talon!† yelled Sage, however Elena realized that there would be no interruption now. There would be only murdering and tearing, gradually, and shouts resounding off the single anteroom divider. Elena could picture it. â€Å"It won’t open, damn it,† yelled Damon. He was controlling Elena’s wrist to

Serotonin Function and Mechanism of Antidepressant Action

Serotonin Function and Mechanism of Antidepressant Action Synapses are synthetic compounds found and discharged in the cerebrum to permit a drive starting with one nerve cell to pass then onto the next nerve cell. There are around 50 synapses distinguished. There are billions of nerve cells situated in the mind, which don't legitimately contact one another. Nerve cells impart messages by emitting synapses. Synapses can energize or restrain neurons (nerve cells). Some regular synapses are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and gamma aminobutyric corrosive (GABA). Serotonin is a monoamine synapse. It is integrated, from the amino corrosive L-tryptophan, in mind neurons and put away in vesicles. Serotonin is found in three fundamental regions of the body: the intestinal divider; enormous tightened veins; and the focal sensory system. The most generally contemplated impacts have been those on the focal sensory system. The elements of serotonin are various and seem to include control of craving, rest, memory and learning, temperature guideline, disposition, conduct (counting sexual and psychedelic conduct), cardiovascular capacity, muscle withdrawal, endocrine guideline, and wretchedness. It is a notable supporter of sentiments of prosperity; subsequently it is otherwise called a satisfaction hormone regardless of not being a hormone. Serotonin is an inhibitory synapse which supplements excitatory thoughtful frameworks like adrenaline and dopamine in the Central Nervous System. The physiological action of serotonin begins from the brainstem in gatherings of synapses called Raphe core. Serotonin synapses at that point spread to different districts of the focal sensory system by stretching out all through the cerebrum. History In 1935, Italian Vittorio Erspamer demonstrated that a concentrate from enterochromaffin cells made digestive organs contract. Some trusted it contained adrenaline, however after two years Erspamer had the option to show that it was a formerly obscure amine, which he named enteramine.[4] In 1948, Maurice M. Affinity, Arda Green, and Irvine Page of the Cleveland Clinic found a vasoconstrictor substance in blood serum, and since it was a serum operator influencing vascular tone, they named it serotonin. In 1952 it was indicated that enteramine was a similar substance as serotonin, and as the wide scope of physiological jobs were explained, the truncation 5HT of the best possible synthetic name 5-hydroxytryptamine turned into the favored name in the pharmacological field. Component of activity The action of serotonin emerges in the brainstem from groups of neurons known as the raphe core. From the cerebrum, serotonin neurons stretch out to practically all pieces of the focal sensory system making the expanding of the serotonin arrange the most broad neurochemical framework in the mind. The significance of this system becomes obvious while considering every serotonin neuron applies an impact over upwards of 500,000 objective neurons. Because of the boundless dissemination of serotonin in the sensory system, it isn't astonishing that this synapse can be connected to numerous kinds of conduct. Of the compound synapse substances, serotonin is maybe the most ensnared in the treatment of different issue, including uneasiness, sadness, fanatical enthusiastic issue, schizophrenia, stroke, stoutness, torment, hypertension, vascular clutters, headache, and sickness. A main consideration in the comprehension of the job of 5-HT in these clutters is the ongoing quick development made in understanding the physiological job of different serotonin receptor subtypes. There are at any rate four populaces of receptors for serotonin: 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT3, and 5-HT4. The physiological capacity of every receptor subtype has not been built up and is right now the subject of serious examination. Impacts as a synapse Most synapses are discharged from minuscule synaptic terminal catches at the parts of the bargains, yet serotonin gives off an impression of being extraordinary. It is rather discharged uninhibitedly from serotonergic varicosities into the general neuronal space, diffusing over an a lot bigger territory to initiate the 5-HT receptors of close by neurons. This reuptake can be disturbed by specialists like MDMA, cocaine, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and particular serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The general activity of serotonin is extremely perplexing and not so much comprehended. Fringe impacts Cardiovascular activity The cardiovascular impacts of serotonin are perplexing. They are variable relying upon the portion infused, exploratory conditions, creature species and vascular state. Activity on vessels: Serotonin initiates either a vasoconstriction by 5-HT2 impact, specifically of renal vessels, or a vasodilation. Serotonin contracts veins and appears to instigate venous apoplexies and advances platelet collecting impact. It expands hairlike porousness. Activity on heart: Serotonin has a positive chronotropic activity by 5-HT4 receptor incitement and could participate in the beginning of certain mood issue. It has a positive inotropic impact. Activity on circulatory strain: It is mind boggling, as indicated by exploratory conditions, serotonin gives either hypotension, or hypertension, or no adjustment. Activity on smooth muscles Serotonin instigates withdrawals of digestive tract, bronchi and uterus. Stomach related impacts: Serotonin increments intestinal motility, most likely by incitement of 5-HT4 and 5-HT3 receptors: in individuals, infused by intravenous course, it expands duodenum and small digestive system motility. This impact clarifies loose bowels saw in patients with carcinoid condition. Bronchial impacts: Serotonin has a bronchoconstrictive activity and a serotonin airborne incites dyspnea (troublesome or worked breath). Uterus impact: Serotonin prompts withdrawals of the uterus. Different activities Specialists have likewise discovered proof that serotonin may assume a job in controlling milk creation in the bosom, and that an imperfection inside the serotonin system might be one basic reason for SIDS (unexpected baby passing condition). Focal impacts Serotonin is associated with the guideline of rest, state of mind (stimulant activity), temperature, craving (hunger suppressant impact). Overstimulation of 5-HT2 receptors could prompt beneficial and negative side effects of insane issue. LSD or lysergide, agonist of 5-HT2 receptors and furthermore of D1 and D2 dopaminergic receptors, has psychedelic properties. Serotonin, because of its different sorts of presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors, adjusts the movement of different transmitters. It has a deciding impact in adjustment. Impacts of Excess or Low Serotonin Serotonin is engaged with unfavorably susceptible and incendiary side effects and in specific sicknesses: Carcinoid condition: The carcinoid condition is brought about by metastatic tumors of enterochromaffin cells of the stomach related tract which emit different mixes, specifically an incredible amount of serotonin. It is described by looseness of the bowels, flushes (gets to of cutaneous vasodilation followed by a vasoconstriction), dyspnea and now and then a harm to cardiovascular valves. The natural conclusion of these tumors depends on the expansion in serotonin fixation in blood and on the discharge of anomalous measures of 5-hydroxy-indolacetic corrosive, 5-HIAA, in pees. Headache: Headache is a malady described by rehashed gets to of cerebral pain in which vasomotor marvels and serotonin have a deciding impact. In the main prodromic stage, there is a vasoconstriction, and in the second excruciating stage, a vasodilation. This vasodilation is decreased by vasoconstrictive medications. Myocardial ischemia: Serotonin discharged from platelets appears to decline the myocardial ischemia by vasoconstriction. Pipedreams happen because of expanded degrees of Serotonin. Summed up nervousness issue Individuals with summed up nervousness issue (GAD) experience extreme concern that causes issues at work and in the support of day by day duties. Proof proposes that GAD includes a few synapse frameworks in the mind, including norepinephrine and serotonin. Inadequacies or over the top admission of certain dietary minerals and nutrients can disturb the degree of serotonin, causing interruptions in the creation or reuptake forms encompassing serotonin. A few medications that influence the serotonin framework A few classes of medications focus on the 5-HT framework, including a few antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, antiemetics, and antimigraine drugs, just as the hallucinogenic medications and empathogens. At the point when Serotonin is low, certain issues with fixation and consideration can be experienced. Individuals become harebrained and inadequately sorted out. It takes more time to do things on account of lack of foresight. At the point when Serotonin is decently low, the accompanying side effects and practices have been watched: Incessant weariness. In spite of dozing additional hours and snoozes, exhaustion remains. There is a feeling of being exhausted Rest aggravation. Hunger aggravation is available, typically in two sorts. There is lost hunger and resulting weight reduction or a hankering for desserts and starches when the mind is attempting to make more Serotonin. All out loss of sexual intrigue is available. Truth be told, there is loss of enthusiasm for everything, including those exercises and interests that have been delighted in before. Social withdrawal is regular not picking up the telephone, once in a while going out/loft, quit calling loved ones, and withdrawal from get-togethers. Passionate pity and successive crying spells are normal. Confidence and self-assurance are low. Body sensations, because of Serotonins job as a body controller, incorporate hot flushes and temperature changes, cerebral pains, and stomach trouble. Clinical Depression This is maybe the most well-known psychological well-being issue experienced by and by. One out of four grown-ups will encounter clinical discouragement inside their lifetime. Serotonin goes about as an

Blog Archive University of London (London Business School) Essay Analysis

Blog Archive University of London (London Business School) Essay Analysis Note: The following essay questions pertain to the previous academic year. This section will be updated when the new question are released in early to mid-July of 2008.   London Business School  recently confirmed that its essays  would remain the same this year. Our analysis of its essays follows:   Question 1 (500 words) In what role do you see yourself working immediately after graduation? Why? How will your past and present experiences help you achieve this? How will the London Business School MBA Programme contribute to this goal? Because of significant overlap from one MBA application to the next, we have produced the “MBA Mission Personal Statement Guide.” We offer our guide to candidates free of charge, via our online store.   Please feel free to download your copy today. The first part of LBS’s personal statement is slightly different  from others in that it is very specific, requiring you to identify your particular postgraduate role. There is no room here for aspirations (Stanford) or vision (HBS) â€" name your position and state exactly how LBS will help you get there. As for your “past experiences,” you need not offer a work history; you are to relate these experiences  to your goals. This is not a discussion of your “path to your MBA,” but a statement of how your MBA and professional experience will enable you to succeed in the future. This is a nuanced distinction, but it is important. Question 2 (200 words) Where do you see your career progressing five years after graduation and what is your longer term career vision? In essay two, you should again be particular in identifying your role in five years, but can be a bit more “grand” thereafter. Here, you get to identify less of a role and more of an ideal end. Again, you need to ensure that there is a logical connection between your plan, from post-graduation to five-year progress to long-term vision. Question 3 (500 words) Please describe your experience of working in and leading teams, either in your professional or personal life. Given this experience, what role do you think you will play in your study group, and how do you intend to contribute to it? Ideally, you will offer a diversity of personal and professional experiences  that show compelling examples of when you had an impact on a team, both as a leader and an equal team member or even as a junior. You can use this opportunity to give the AdCom insight into your  communication skills and personality; furthermore, with the reflective element of the question, you can contemplate how you have been successful in team environments and how you will harness these experiences to be a positive force on your learning team. Also, by proving that you possess a clear understanding of the demands of your learning team, you can show the AdCom that you have done your homework and are truly interested in LBS. Question 4 (400 words) Student involvement is an extremely important part of the London MBA experience and this is reflected in the character of students on campus. What type of student club or campus community event do you envisage yourself leading? How would you set about becoming involved in a leadership position and how would you align and communicate the goals and vision for the club to the wider School community? In this essay, you have the opportunity to give insight into your interests and passions, whether they are academic, professional or personal (we have a bias toward the academic and professional). Then, again, you can show that you have done your homework on the school, are aware of the program’s offerings and understand the dynamic on campus. Finally, you can explain how you would promote the club, showing both knowledge of the school’s resources and dimensions of your personality â€" industrious, enterprising, creative, etc. This is a tremendous opportunity to differentiate your candidacy from others, by providing an interesting idea, connecting yourself with the school and revealing yourself to be a shrewd promoter of your ideas. Question 5 (150 words) Describe any significant experiences outside of your home country. What did you gain from these? In a very short space, you have the opportunity to discuss your international experiences and explain why they were important to you. This should not be a long list of travels with one sentence at the end connecting them all. Even in such limited space, you should try to tell a brief story and incorporate some reflection about your adventures. Share ThisTweet Blogroll

The Indian Constitution in Achieving Justice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2715 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Justice Essay Did you like this example? CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS The Preamble to the Indian Constitution invokese`justice à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  Social, economic and political)) as a core principle. Victimes of crime being components of criminal justice are, therefore, also entitled to share the promises of social justice contained in the Constitution. Novel concept of victomology is a step in the direction of fulfilling the avowed promises made by the framers of the Constitution. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Indian Constitution in Achieving Justice" essay for you Create order The corpus juries of India is bereft of statutory awareness of victomology in any significant measure. So far the present law being seemingly inadequate and fragmentary in nature, real justice to victims appears a distant possibility. The answer could lie in attributing a more active role to the State, more so when it claims to be a Welfare State Therefore it is submitted that the State compensation scheme à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢should be introduced for the victims. However, it should be confined 10 more violent crimes only. The motion of compensation is a sound one and a society that recognises this responsibility to its members is an incentive for law enforcement. But before making such an attempt the very basis and need for compensation has to be considered. Is compensation a right or is it to be awarded in extreme need . Should courts prescribe a. maximum or minimum quantum of award ? Should specialized bodies conduct the proceedings ? These are some of the significant questions th at require suitable answers. However, in compensation settlement the community should not be the end sufferer. Retribution should be within limits, and for this purpose the victim-offender relationship can be studied to bridge the gap between the two. In any case the offender should not be the one to gain. Tangible community assistance could dilute the retaliatory desire of the victim of crime. Various compensation schemes of other countries can help in understanding the issues but they are not exactly viable in our own criminal justice system. Under our system offence is regarded as state. The whole problem underlying our compensation law is the inability to meet the rescues of it in the light our socio-economic environment. Compensation means funds and mobilisation of the same and earmarking overruns for payment is a major need. Then there are crimes that cannot be measured or made up in. terms of monetary compensation especially in cases of rape that affects the victim psyc hologically as well as physically. In the words of the apply court of the land itself. In our society, besides the stigma. The practical problem. which comes on fore as aftermath of rape is loneliness and desertion by the husband and the family. This is more true in rural areas of the country. consequently such a woman is left to starve, and thrown into the damage of repletion of the crime on her again and again. It is true that no amount of money can repair the chastity which is the most precious asset of an Indian woman, nevertheless if sufficient compensation is granted to her, not depend on others. There is another aspect of the problem two which is singularly peculiar.to the countries like India only. It may be suspi.ring to the literate world community that the case of rape on a minor girl of 11 years is taken cognizance of by the village Panchayat itself and the accused is ordered to pay Rs. 1,000/- only by way of compensation or fine. The victims family was also satisf ied with the decision of the Panchayat. It was only owing to the familiar or inability of the offender to pay even the said meager amount that the case went to the police. Still more, a legal aspect commented with the problem under consideration is whether the courts, while acting under Section 357 of the Cr.P.C., can award interim payment. to the victim. AS noted earlier the law on the point is still not settled. To wit in the Prathinam3 case, and the Bodhisattawa4 case the Supreme Court awarded compensation and interim (WAii maintenance. But in A.K. Singh v. Uttarkhand Jan Morch5 the Supreme Court set aside compensatin awarded by the High Court for molestation in a PIL pending prosecution but granted liberty to aggrieved person to approach the competent court for compensation. A.nd in Mukashbhai Nanubhat Patil v. State of Gufraj.,6 the Gujarat High Court has confined the Bodhisattawas case to the facts of that case and set aside the order granting interim mainemance pending tri al. It would have been better that the Bodhisathawa opinion would have been allowed to prevail but failing which it is submitted that in crimes against women certain mandatory compensation programme must be formulated. In this connection it may also be pointed out that it is increasingly observed that laws enacted for the benefit for all women are misused by a few. There seems to be an alarming tendency of late, for the threat of sexual harassment to be used by women as a weapon to achieve certain ends, be they monetary or emotional or even marital. But this ultimately rebounds to the disadvantage, unfortunately, of all women. Men (and there are more hesitate to employ females, for fear of such (sometimes) unwarranted charges It is, therefore, submitted that laws protecting women must not be abused through false charges. It may not be out of place to point out that rape is not uncommon in cases of mob violence (or riots) coupled with a large number of other offences. Que stion of compensation to victims of such violence has not been .dealt with in the present study as mob violence usually goes unpunished. Criminal justices are not unanimous on the question as to whether it is out laws that allow mob violence to go unpunished. But the fact remains that the victim of crime in such cases also becomes a victim at the hands of the investigator. The judge trying the accused in the Best. egt;e)-611 Bakery Case acquitted all of them : the most recent and notorious instance of mob violence going unpunished. This aspect, indeed deserves a separate study. India needs victim compensation programme, the present law being inadequate is the light of the vast scope of the subject. However, to draft such a programme is not an easy task, and a variety of issues will have to be addressed to. Some of the more important of them may be referred to as below (i) The failure of the criminal justice systems in certain counties to pay compensation to the victims. (ii ) The thought that the State which lays down rules of behaviour should not only punish violation theory but also ensure compensation to compensates helps liberate victims from feelings of injustice and from thoughts of revenge. (iv) The financial outlay would be better spent on preventing crime by augmenting police manpower, more and better technical .aids for the police. State has a. duty to give priority to this task rather than to remedy the effects of crime. Prevention and enforcement are to be considered more important than post facto remedial action. As such compensation schemes are in the form of State patronage, they might lead to increase in crime, since offenders would lose all sense of responsibility and would not longer care about the victims fate. This is far from being accepted by any country. (vi) State compensation schemes, especially if they covered damage to property, would make potential efforts. The victim would no longer have any incentive to cooperate in the prosecution of the offender. (vii) A comprehensive plan must be based on the conclusion that the government has failed in its responsibility of protecting its citizens from crime. (viii) Compensation must be available to all victims of crime issespective of the fact whether the accused is convicted or not, or that he cannot be traced. (ix) All expenses incurred such as medical bills and loss of wages must be covered. (x) Any effective compensation plan must provide for a speedy system of compensation. The responsibility of judicial and administrative process to the wants of the victim may be by: (a) Informing victims of their role and the scope and progress of the proceedings and of the disposition of their cases, especially where serious crimes are involved and where they have requested for such information; (b) Allowing the view and concern of victims to be presented and considered at appropriate stages of the proceedings where their personal interes ts are affected, without prejudice to the accused and consistent with the relevant national criminal justice system (c) Providing proper assistance to victims throughout the legal process; (d) Taking measures to minimise inconvenience to victims, protect their privacy when necessary, and ensure their safety, as well as that of their families and witnesses on their behalf from intimidation and retaliation-, and (e) Avoiding unnecessary delay in the disposal of cased and the execution of orders or decrees granting awards to victims. Informal mechanisms of the resolution of disputes, including mediation, arbitration and customary justice or indigenous practices, should he utilised where appropriate to facilitate conciliation and redress for victims. When compensation is not their: (i) Victimes who are injured badily in serious crimes; and (ii) The family, in particular dependents on the person who have died or had been injured badly. The establishment of fund s should be their for the compensation of the victim.Police, justice, health, social service and other should be provided training. CHAPTER VII CONCULUSION AND SUGGESTIONS Social justice is the goal of law so been found under Indian. consititution . lgnorance is the enemy of this truth. Victims of crime beging component of criminal justice constitution. Novel concept of victimiology is a step towards fulfilling the avowed promises made by our constitution makers. The corpus juris of India is bereft of statutory awareness of victimiology in any significant measure. So far the present law seemingly inadequate and fragmentary in nature, justice seems a distant possibility. The answer could lie in attributing a more active role to the State. it has been suggested that State compensation scheme be introduce, but such be confined to violent crimes only. The notion of compensation is a sound concept and a society that recognises the responsibility it over to its members i s an incentive for law- enforcement. But for doing such thevery basis and need for compensation has to v-4 be considered -is it a right? Or is it to be awarded in extreme need? Should courts prescribe a maximum or minimum award? Should specialized bodies conduct the proceeding? But in compensation settlement the community should not be the end sufferer. Retribution should be within limits, and for such the victim-offender relationship can be studied to bridge the gap between the two. However the offender should not be the one to gain. Tangible community assistance could dilute. he retaliatory desire of the victim of crime. The victim compensation scheme in India in inefficient and inadequate understanding of different victim compensation scheme of various countries can help in understanding the issues but they are not exactly viable in our own criminal justice mean.4srft-Iflis-.4- barrier to recover compensation. In our below the poverty line economy with majority of crimin als from such a background, compensation recovery is but an unequal provision that benefits those with financial means and seems unrealistic in our majority poor society with little material benefits. Injury as to financial status seems to be a good alternative, but the victim can turn out to be the looser. The whole problem ingrained in our compensation law is the inability to meet the essence of it in light of our socioeconomic environment. Compensation means funds and mobilisaion of such and earmarking avenues for payment is a major need, victim compensation of such and earmarking avenues for payment is a major need. Victim compensation is a new horizon is settling claims for losses incurred and quenching the thirst for retribution, the reformative basis of such a punishment is debatable, but what cannot be questioned is the novelty of this. There are crimes that cannot be measured or made up in terms of monetary compensation especially in cases of rape that affects t he victim psychologically as much as physically. which the victim of the crime undergoes in our society or the stigma which a women feels after being victimised of rape is ineffable but the practical problemk which comes on fore as aftermath of rape is loneliness and desertion by husband and family. Consequently a woman is left to starve, just due to being victimised and now she is left in such a condition where there may be chances it is true that money can not repair the chastity and purity which is most precious asset of Indian women, nevertheless if sufficient compensation is granted to her, she would not depend on mercy to any body. Therefore in crimes against women, mandatory compensation programme be formulated. India needs victim compensation programmes, the present law being inadequate in light of the vast scope of this subject. to draft such programme is not an easy task, and a variety of issues will have to be studied. Its about time? somebody paid attention to t he crime victim The growing victimization rates is not met with resources as practices focus exclusively on the offender. The victim is thus left to recover himself. It is this paradox in the victim offender relationship that needs to be removed. The society is not to comaflague the bad but to help the good flourish, and this should be the essence behind augmenting and facilitating the need for an extensive victim compensation programme. The failure of the criminal justice systems in the various countries of the (I world to pay compensation to the victims. The thought that the state which lays down rules of behaviour should not only punish violation, thereof but also insure compensation to victims of such violation, and if the state prohibits all private revenge, it should compensate the victim of a crime the perpetration of which it failed to prevent, and if the state introduces new criminal measures, it should also shoulder the responsibilities if they prove ineffective. The emphasis on the theory that compensation and restitution are extremely desirable in the interests of equity and social solidarity and compensation should helps liberate victims from feelings of injustice and from thoughts of revenge. The financial outlay would be better spent on preventing crime by augmenting police manpower, more and better technical aids for the police. The state has a duty to give priority to this task rather than to remedy the effects of crime. Prevention and enforcement are to be considered more important than post facto remedial action. As such schemes are a form of state paternal, they might lead to increase in crime, as offenders would lose all sense of responsibility and no longer care about their victimss fate. This is far from being accepted by any country. State compensation schemes, especially if they covered damage to property, would make the potential victims careless and discourage prevention efforts. The victim would no longer have any incentive to cooperate in the prosecution of the offender. A compensation plan must be based on the conclusion that the government has failed in its responsibility of protecting its citizens from crime. Compensation must be available to all victims of crime. All expenses incurment such as medical bills and loss of wages must be covered. An effective compensation plan must provide for a speedy system of compensation. One of the stumbling blocks in the implementation of such programmes is the financial constraint of the state. It can be modestly estimated that at least in 50% of pending criminal cases victims of crime may be eligible to get compensation. The amount of compensation to the victims of a case could range from rupees one thousand to rupees one lakh (Rs. 1,000 to Rs. 100,000). The appropriate number of criminal cases pending in different courts in India is about five million. Out of them in at least 2% million cases victims maybe eligible to claim compensation. If compensation on an average is calculated at he rate of Rs. 5,000 per case, the minimum requirement to meet the demand would be Rs. 1,250 crores at present. In Kerala alone for example, the total number of pending criminal cases is 2,24,428 as on 31.7.1996. Out of it, in 1,12,214 cases compensation at the rate of 126,

My Experience At The High School As A Substitute Teacher

It has been a long road over the past seventeen years, to get to where I am now. Choosing to go to school, you would have thought would have been a no-brainer. As a young adult I never really looked beyond the day I was in. I have been through many jobs in my life, I made it a career in changing careers. The jobs I took never felt like more than just a paycheck. Most of the jobs I had I would end up in a year or so hating going to work. I would literally dread going in or even thinking about having to work there. Then I found what I would call the light going on job where I felt different, I started working at the High school as a Substitute teacher. I came to the job because I was working as an LNA, I had changed my hours to only work on the weekends. The county changed their policies, I lost my insurance, so I went per diem. As an on call LNA I received no hours, I needed money and fast. Someone told me to be a sub at the school, no education needed and they are always looking for help. I worked a lot as a substitute, mostly for paraprofessionals in the high school. One of the case managers that I worked with a lot liked what she saw and encouraged me to go for the open position, I was interviewed before the interview if that makes any sense at all. I was working in the classroom with a difficult student, the director of special education just happen to be in the room that day observing the case manager. Well, I assume she liked what she saw as well, because when IShow MoreRelatedTeaching Certificate For Special Education936 Words   |  4 PagesEven at high school graduation there was no definite decision and too much left to explore. Later, after years of working in schools as a volunteer, substitute teacher, and tutor, I had not considered the field of special education. However, six months ago I accepted an offer to work as an exceptional children teaching assistant. 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Teachers should therefore be actively involved in preparing their students to be tolerant to this change and teaching them h ow to interact in a diverse environment. As teachers, we find ourselves in this uniqueRead MoreSummary Of The Story Gryphon By Charles Baxter1190 Words   |  5 Pages The short story Gryphon by Charles Baxter is about a substitute teacher that challenges the way the children in the classroom usually think and encourages them to think with their imagination. Growing up, I also had a teacher that challenged me to think creatively as well. She inspired me to work hard and learn as much as I could. Both the story and my personal life have strong influences of a teacher wanting to better the student’s life in an unconventional way. The story starts withRead MoreThe Errors Of Judgment That Stood Out994 Words   |  4 Pagesto hurt feelings, resentment, and lack of communication. 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My aunt is an elementary school substitute teacher specializing in special needs students, while my uncle is a high school history teacher. While, my father is a physical education teacher who has taught at both the elementary and high school level. Grow ing up around so many teachers made me think IRead MoreThe Teacher Who Has The Most Experience Among The Five Participants840 Words   |  4 PagesBelinda. Belinda is the teacher who has the most experience among the five participants in this study. She has navigated her career path well because she also holds the highest degree among the participants a Specialist in Educational Leadership. Belinda describes her path to teaching as a default to her first choice of working as a computer programmer. She stated â€Å"I had no plans in college to become an educator†. She actually became a teacher because of a personal connection to a principal

Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury - 960 Words

Among the science fiction genre, Ray Bradbury’s â€Å"Fahrenheit 451† is an ever-flickering flame that refuses to be doused. With haunting artistry, Bradbury paints a desolate world of alienated, mechanized human beings who are more connected to their television screen â€Å"families† than they are to the spouses with whom they share a pillow at night. As the protagonist, Guy Montag, so evocatively states, â€Å"There are billions of us and that’s too many. Nobody knows anyone.† The advancement of technology, â€Å"Fahrenheit 451† suggests, has paradoxically spurred the deterioration of communication. Bradbury poignantly exposes this dismal fact in one of the novel’s first scenes, when Montag first befriends Clarisse McClellan, the seventeen-year-old dreamer in a world of automatons. While Clarisse romanticizes about archaic front porches built for the sole purpose of socialization and confesses that her own family regularly trades in sleep for conversation, Montag interjects, â€Å"What do you talk about?† Throughout the novel, Clarisse is the rare seedling of hope in Montag’s barren world. As the amity between the two characters strengthens and Clarisse revels in catching a glimpse of the man on the moon and tilting her head back to taste the rain, Montag is finally jolted awake. At last, he begins to look — really look — at the world around him. And the result is astonishing: for the first time in his life, he truly feels something. As his perception finally clears and he absorbs hisShow MoreRelatedFahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury719 Words   |  3 PagesThe flash point of paper, or the temperature at which paper will burst in flames, is 451 degrees Fahrenheit. 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If we lose them, we lose our shared history†. Gaiman is absolutely correct; especially because what he is saying heavily applies to books. Books are a critical aspect in shaping humanity as a whole, they create and share a network of creative ideas, history, and overall entertainment; to loseRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury918 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Fahrenheit 451,† written by Ray Bradbury, is a futuristic, dystopian novel based upon a society secluded by technology and ignorance. In this future society, books are outlawed and firemen are presented with the task of burning books that are found in people’s homes. Montag, a fireman, finds himself intrigued with the books, and begins to take them home and read them. 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Throughout each novel, we are able to see a major theme, which is censorship. In this essay, I will explain how this theme are explored in the story by using the literary devices. To begin with, in this novel, censorship is not given a straight description, but we can see how the author shows it through many literary elements, such as using the setting, tone and symbolisms even foreshadowing. This novelRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1544 Words   |  7 PagesRay Bradbury, the author of Fahrenheit 451, expresses his perspective on life in an interview. His interview contains a common theme: Do what you love, and love what you do (Bradbury). Bradbury sends a message in his interview that people should love life, and live to the fullest because he believes life is a beautiful thing. Although Bradbury no longer can demonstrate his love for life his message still lives in the pages of Fahrenheit 451. The Government of the society in the novel has told their

Culture and Crime in Society free essay sample

Culture and Crime in Society Culture as a set of practices formed among individuals that form a given society has been cultivated and formed over time. The accepted cultural practices can often have positive and negative impact on not just what is perceived acceptable and appropriate in a society, but also can influence rate of certain crimes. Culture as a collection of practices, rituals, goals, values, and customs of a given society is formed over many years. There are many different historical elements that have a great deal of influence upon its formation at times.There are also practices that may be formed due to geographical and physical characteristics of environment. Whatever causes formation of a certain series of practices and beliefs, it is formed over often a lengthy period of time and one can even say that a given culture is always in process of formation. There are times that political powers and/or ideologies may exert a great deal of influence, yet at other times a philosophical or religious doctrine might be a dominating factor. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture and Crime in Society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Society on the other hand is a collection of individuals that are in constant direct or indirect interaction.Interactions of people forming a given society happen in context of their culture. Culture as a context for a community applies either directly or indirectly a frame-work for attitudes and manners of exchanges experienced on daily basis. Granted that a wide range of behaviors are developed over time as mentioned which leads to formation of a culture, yet as generations pass by roots of a given practice or even the value of a given protocol of interaction among people may become forgotten or even ignored.As even longer period of time passes, one can recognize many behaviors are not merely based on one’s conscious decision, but rather due to an unconscious learned behavior from the culture itself. Cultural role and influence may have both positive and negative consequences for an individual and society. Here is where one can notice differences in what may be considered a crime in a part of the world and as a common and expected behavior elsewhere. One may notice certain crimes are rather popular in a given society and even at times ignored by justice system.Culture and social values that have been formed plays a key role in what may be considered a crime. This is not to say that all aspects of a given culture have such negative impact such as committing a crime and not even call it a crime. There are also many positive consequences of this phenomena that lead to lowering certain crime rates as well. For instance, let us consider how men view women in Middle East in contrast with Western World. In East family ties have a great deal of importance and hence relationship of a son to his mother and sister is much closer than in the west, relatively speaking. A young man is not expected to leave his parents home once he reaches age of maturity and adulthood, frankly it is expected for him to continue to live with his parents until he is about to get married. It would be unusual for an adult single male to live alone. It would give the impression that he is not close to his family, and this expression is quite displeasing to family, friends, and society. Adult single male is expected to take care of his parents and sisters and always be there for their protection and support.When such a young man views another female in society, very often he treats her with respect; simply because he thinks of her as someone’s mother and/or sister and knowing the value of that he ought to be supportive and protective of the female. This cultural disposition leads to decreased rate of sexual assaults committed by men in that region of the world. In contrast, females are being looked at as sex objects in the West. A simple review of advertising methods and practices clarifies the common saying that â€Å"sex sells†.Women are looked at as sex objects and this also has an adverse effect of women’s perception of themselves. As males reach adulthood can not wait to get out of their parents home and create and independent dwelling place. A man seems weak to his family and friends, if he is 29 years old and still lives with his parents. In brief, in West if a male given appropriate context tells a woman that she looks sexy in a particular dress, this is taken as a complement, yet in the Middle East such statement is very inappropriate, disrespectful, and even offensive in any context and situation. One can easily even predict a relative higher number of sex crimes in the West due to such cultural disposition. Societies function based on norms that have developed due to diverse influences over time. Culture places certain values on various behaviors that influence what may be viewed as crime. This shows a clear relationship between certain crime rates and its fluctuations in different societies.

Music Listening Outline Research Paper Example

Music Listening Outline Paper His timing to erupt into the classical sic scene was perfect because the music Of the Renaissance and Baroque periods were transitioning toward more full-bodied compositions with complex instrumentation which played into Mozart genius musical talents. Mozart is considered to be prodigy and one of the most talented musical composers of all time producing over 600 pieces of work. Mozart died in Vienna, on December 5, 1 791. Why chose Mozart piece from the Classical Period: chose to listen to and highlight Mozart Symphony No in G Minor, K 550 1. Molt Allegro. The reason I chose this piece is because Im not all too milliamp with classical music (Although I do like to listen to Panders Classical Music for studying station. ) and this is a piece Ive heard before and can relate too due to its popularity from background music for television commercials and a being constantly played on my new favorite Pandora station. The piece was completed July 25th in 1 788 and has been described as one of Mozart most passionate and dramatic pieces with an emotional intensity. History and description: This piece is divided into four sections or movements. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Listening Outline specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Music Listening Outline specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Music Listening Outline specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The first is fast molt allegro), the second is slow (andante), the third, minuet (allegretto), and the fourth, fast and tense (allegro assai). The instruments used are flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, French horns and other strings. The duration of the piece is 8:12. In his last three symphonies, the second of which is the great Symphony no. 40 in G minor, Mozart infused this form with a passion and expressiveness unheard of in symphonic writing until the advent of Beethoven (Sherman, 2012) The first theme has a rhythmic pattern that has a little hint of urgency. You can hear the melody in the music thats easy to follow because of its balance and symmetry in relationship to the music. He Staccato was built into the melody as seen in: 22 Of the music. It has flow. The lyrical theme has an agitated feeling. The tone, texture and color are enhanced by the added instruments. Strings and woodwinds are the guilty pleasures of tone and color. Mozart brings a new rendition to the theme music during the lyrical to bring forth emotion slight variations of feeling. As the piece develops, he uses a polyphonic texture that increases tit high and low strings that bring drama throughout the music. He successfully combines it with staccato countermeasures which add to the excitement. My feelings and thoughts: The piece was like waves of energy or urgency that kept me interested but not excited about anything. I wasnt sure of the purpose throughout the piece. It reminded me of temptation or getting into mischief when was a kid.

Free Essays on Black Girl in Paris

Black Girl in Paris is a coming of age story about a smart, young girl named Eden who boldly states in the first chapter, â€Å"I’m not afraid of anything.† Embracing the courage and determination of this young woman’s adventuresome spirit to buy a one-way ticket to Paris, I flipped pages wondering what would become of her. Eden many times has to remind herself of the same thing in France. She is following her dream to live in Paris, following, too, in the footsteps of some of her mentors, most notably, James Baldwin. Along the way, Eden learns many lessons and is forced to make sacrifices of her own personal dignity. She takes jobs that she wouldn’t put on her â€Å"dream job† list, but does so out of a need to survive. Much of this book chronicles these "alternative" modes of employment. And each chapter is named after her new professional exploit. The jobs stretch the gamut: museum guide, traveling companion, artist’s model, au pair, poet’s helper, lover, English teacher, and thief. Throughout, she is challenged to reinvent herself, and forced to question and reassess the core of her being. Moving from job to job, Eden explores issues of who to trust, where her sexuality lies, and what it is really like to be black in Paris? Much of her journey is focused on her desire to write, to prove that she can write, and that she can somehow rub up against the talent of other fellow Black writers by following in their footsteps. Shay Youngblood took a similar trip to Paris as a young girl and this story could be mistaken for memoir. Regardless of how accurate these accounts are, this novel is a tale of the vibrant spirit of a strong young woman. It is a testament of the adaptability of the human spirit and how our path of survival pushes us to become more resilient.... Free Essays on Black Girl in Paris Free Essays on Black Girl in Paris Black Girl in Paris is a coming of age story about a smart, young girl named Eden who boldly states in the first chapter, â€Å"I’m not afraid of anything.† Embracing the courage and determination of this young woman’s adventuresome spirit to buy a one-way ticket to Paris, I flipped pages wondering what would become of her. Eden many times has to remind herself of the same thing in France. She is following her dream to live in Paris, following, too, in the footsteps of some of her mentors, most notably, James Baldwin. Along the way, Eden learns many lessons and is forced to make sacrifices of her own personal dignity. She takes jobs that she wouldn’t put on her â€Å"dream job† list, but does so out of a need to survive. Much of this book chronicles these "alternative" modes of employment. And each chapter is named after her new professional exploit. The jobs stretch the gamut: museum guide, traveling companion, artist’s model, au pair, poet’s helper, lover, English teacher, and thief. Throughout, she is challenged to reinvent herself, and forced to question and reassess the core of her being. Moving from job to job, Eden explores issues of who to trust, where her sexuality lies, and what it is really like to be black in Paris? Much of her journey is focused on her desire to write, to prove that she can write, and that she can somehow rub up against the talent of other fellow Black writers by following in their footsteps. Shay Youngblood took a similar trip to Paris as a young girl and this story could be mistaken for memoir. Regardless of how accurate these accounts are, this novel is a tale of the vibrant spirit of a strong young woman. It is a testament of the adaptability of the human spirit and how our path of survival pushes us to become more resilient....

Leadership in Clinical Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Leadership in Clinical Practice - Essay Example Good leaders can develop their staff through education, training, experience, and self-study. Symptoms of a good leader are that they always keep on working and try to improve their leadership skills. Managers should be well versed and experience enough to guide the staff in relation to the convertibility of their academic knowledge in practical performance. In an emergency situation, mostly in clinics, there is a requirement of strong management and executive skills. This means not only the doctors, all other staff in a clinic should be efficient enough to deal with the situation. Managers should work for the development of staff members. Training and education programs should be implemented for staff. The evaluation process should be conducted in order to control and monitor the activities of members. Incentives, bonus and better compensation plans should be enforced to keep the staff members motivated towards the organization. Communication and leadership can also lead to the tran sformation of an organization. Culture and structure of a clinic should be flexible, so that staff members can share their preferences and knowledge with the managers. Therefore, communication and leadership are the main pillars for the success of clinics (Butler Gillian & Hope Tony, 1996). 1.2 Leadership Leadership is a key factor for an organizations success. It mainly depends on how managers are able to handle the organizational and management structure. A leader should have infinite flexibility. This means one should be able to adopt a leadership style in accordance to a particular situation. Leadership plays a most important role in clinical areas such as leading role of the doctor towards nurses and other staff, similar to that nurse play a lead role in guiding the supporting staff and trainees. These shows at all levels there are different leaders. (Blagg Deborah & Young Susan, 2001). Factors of leadership Mainly there are four factors in leadership, which are present in ever y organization i.e.: Leaders Followers Communication Situation Leader Leaders must have a clear understanding of who they are, what they know and what they can do. Therefore, it is imperative that doctors should have all knowledge in relation to their capabilities so that they can guide nurses and other staff appropriately. Before guiding other people they should know their inner capabilities, strength, and weaknesses. Because it is the nurses who help to identify whether a doctor is successful or not, therefore one will have to satisfy his followers not the boss, as they are the ones who are dependent on a leader. Followers In hospital many people are followers such as nurses, supporting staff, trainees etc. and each person has different styles and nature. Therefore, each one of them requires different leadership process and style. One should know the follower's nature, needs, emotions, and motivation. Communication Leading should be done through two-way communication, most of whic h is nonverbal. But in clinical areas, verbal communication is most important. It plays a vital role in the performance of the staff members. For instance in the case when one sets an example, this communication to people will lead them to perform only the things guided by the leader rather than performing in their own way.

Laddering Interviews Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Laddering Interviews - Essay Example This helped with clear articulation about the qualities of a backpack which stimulates purchase. The other two participants were light users of backpacks, meaning, they were not avid users of backpacks and as such did not know much about the brands that offer backpacks. These two respondents were essentially insensitive to brand name implying they had a preference for generic backpacks. The interview was dissected into questions that inquired about the reasons the participants bought backpacks and the associated characteristics of the backpacks which led them to do so. Next the interview progressed to go deeper to relate the consequences of the characteristics. Lastly, the interview attempted to link how the consequences were influenced by the values each respondent held with respect to backpacks. The responses to the interview showed that most of the participants sought value in the backpacks. A lower price was an attractive characteristic if the backpack was also complimented by greater quality. The more heavy users of backpacks preferred backpacks with high quality fabric, finishing, and water proof lining. This was more common among participants who did sports. On the other hand, participants whose needs were simple preferred lower prices backpacks. This is because the generic backpacks – as opposed to branded backpacks – met their daily needs which included spaciousness to accommodate books, pockets to keep laptop and other accessories, and partitions to keep notes and other books. The size of a backpack was also another important attribute which determined if participants bought the backpack. Size was related to the usage of different participants. Participants who used backpacks for sports needed a larger space to accommodate clothes, equipments, and other necessary accessories. Durability was also identified as a critical attribute

The Hilton Hhonors Loyalty Scheme Marketing Essay

The Hilton Hhonors Loyalty Scheme Marketing Essay This is an analytical study assessing Customer Relationship Management through the Hilton Hotels Loyalty scheme Hilton HHonors. This paper will give a thorough literature review on relationship marketing, a case study on Hilton Hotel loyalty scheme and within this, a framework of the brands role; position in the organization and the market will be discussed. Winer, (2001) customer relationship management framework will be used to analyze the Hilton HHonors scheme to which the nature of the difficulties and effectiveness will be covered as well. This paper will end with possible suggestions regarding the effectiveness of the Loyalty scheme. LITERATURE REVIEW There are several scholarly definitions of relationship marketing and (Shani and Chalasani, 1992) define it as a combined effort to maintain, identify and build up a linkage with separate customers and to continue to fortify the linkage for the common benefit of both sides, via interactive, one to one and value added contacts over a stretched out period of time. While (Gronroos,1990) described relationship marketing to be the establishing , maintaining, enhancing and commercializing of customer relationship so that the distinct purpose of the parties concerned are met which is done by a common exchange and fulfilment of agreements. This definition tries to encompass both the relational and transactional qualities of marketing. These two descriptions differ somehow but they both signify that relationship marketing centres on the individual customer and seller relationship and states that they both benefit. Plus the nature of the relationship is longitudinal. Moreover, they both indica te that the core of relationship marketing is on customer retention. On the other hand (Morgan and Hunt,1994), argue that relationship marketing represents all marketing activates destined towards launching, improving and preserving successful relational give and take or exchange. Taking into record that relational exchanges and transactional exchanges differ. From this definition relationship marketing is marketing plus Morgan and Hunt have as a result re described marketing and extended a paradigm shift. It is key for organisations to assess customer relationship stages (Figure 1.0) in order to evaluate the need for investment to make these customers move up the relationship ladder (Dwyer, Shurr and Oh, 1987, Kotler and Dubois, 2000) and turn out to be more profitable, or better implicit for cross-selling and offer them with personalized services establishing higher bond and switching cost. Suspects Prospects First-time Repeat Client Advocate Member Partner Customers Customers Traditional Marketing- Relationship Marketing- Figure 1.0.The relationship ladder: (Egan, 2001: p.59) However, marketing relationship is a give and take relationship parallel to intimate relationship (Clark 1984; Clark and Mills 1979; Kollock, Blumstein and Schwartz 1994). Each party involved in an exchange relationship provide value measurable to those received. Relationship Marketing and Customer Loyalty Relationship marketing recognises that a steady customer base is essential in business. The crux and feature of relationships and their business vale is summarized in the notion of customer loyalty and its correlated literature. The advantage of customer loyalty to a supplier of either which ever product or services, consist of enhanced organisational productivity or effectiveness, moderate expenditure on bringing together new customers and decreased customer price vulnerability.(Rowley, 2005) Although customers may show their loyalty in numerous ways; they may decide to remain with a supplier or provider, if this prolongation is described as relationship or not, or customers may escalate the amount of purchases or the regularity of their purchases or possibly both. Customers may become advocates of the brand or organization involved by performing an influential role in the decisions of others. (Hallowell, 1996; Reicheld et al, 2000). Even though there is substantial progress in the loyalty scheme. There has been an extensive argument about the benefit of loyalty schemes, to either customers or businesses. Certainly many have affirmed that such schemes have been unsuccessful (Divett et al, 2003; Worthington, 2000). Byrom, (2001) debated that with many organisations cancelling their scheme; those schemes were at somewhat of a crossroads. Critique of schemes fall down to three groups which are those that declare that the relationship among or between such schemes and the promotion of loyalty is vague; those that debate that organisations are not creating correct or proper use of data; and those that debate that the incentive structure in loyalty schemes are unsuitable. However according to (Jenkinson,1995) real brand loyalty is as a result of the emotional bond established by dialogue, trust , sense of value and ease of use, added satisfaction and frequency. Loyalty is the mirror image of the customers psychological and subconscious emotional necessity to trace a frequent source of satisfaction, identity and value. Samuelson and Sandvik, (1997) states that customer loyalty has been theorized as a collaboration of attitude and behaviour. There is a lot as to what makes up loyalty, this starts from repeat purchase to extended relationship (Dick and Basu, 1994). Furthermore (Hallowell, 1996) states that loyalty behaviours consist of relationship extension, enlarged scale or range of relationship, and suggestions. Although there is a positive link between customer loyalty and satisfaction (Soderlund, 1998). Moving on, the rewards or incentives are the basic structure or mechanism for motivating customers to indulge in the scheme. OBrien and Jones(1995) single out the following elements that add to the value of a loyalty scheme: choice of reclamation option( the list of incentives provided), cash value( How greatly the incentive stand for, as a part of spend), aspirational value ( how greatly the customer the incentive); relevance( the degree to which incentives are achievable) and convenience( simplicity of participation in the scheme). Parker and Worthington, (2000) debate that customer loyalty to an incentive scheme or reward scheme is most likely to be influenced by social factor, relative attitude and situational factors. Firstly customer loyalty is possibly influenced by satisfaction that a customer experiences regarding the level of return that they are accepting. Secondly, customer loyalty could be influenced by what is obtainable from other schemes and thirdly behaviour could be affected by other customers, social norms and the media. They continue to debate that the loyalty card that they examined did not pay its customers rightfully, as it was providing lower incentive values on products probably to be saved for. OMalley (1998) expatiates on the level to which many schemes have established customers who have come to anticipate an incentive as part of the regular shopping experience and assign a low value on rewards or incentives. Why Consumers enter into Relationship Marketing According (Sheth and Parvatiyar 1995), the basic axiom of relationship marketing should be or is that consumers like to cut back selection or choices by participating in a current loyalty relationship with marketers. This is a very fascinating and exciting argument and one that has intense suggestions for both the theory and marketing practice if correct. Moreover consumers sometimes go into relationships because it elevates the number of choices open to them. For each purchase decision, numerous options exist. CASE STUDY: HILTON HHONORS History: However Hilton Hotels and Resort from its name is into providing hotel accommodations and Hospitality to its customers which makes it a very good example, it is a worldwide company that has expanded vastly in every sector including its relationship marketing in order to retain customers through its Hilton HHonors loyalty scheme. Moreover this Hotel was founded by Conrad N. Hilton who opened the first Hilton hotel in Texas in 1925. Presently Hilton is one of the reputable hotel brands in the world. The hotel today is owned by Hilton Worldwide; they are managed, franchised or owned by several independent operators by Hilton Worldwide. Currently there are over 500 Hilton hotels brands in the world (Hilton Worldwide, 2012). Over the years Hilton has created brands; today they have about ten brands in over 78 countries in the world. In 2009 Hilton was formerly known as Hilton Hotel Corporations but changed its name and Logo to Hilton World then moved their headquarters in Beverly Hills to Mc Virginia. (Hilton Worldwide, 2012). Hilton HHonors: Marketing is grown from a centre point on the single transaction to developing or becoming increasingly apprehensive with the growth and support of equally satisfying long term relationships with customers. The success story of charity organizations, Tesco, banks, Hotels and others exploiting loyalty schemes is driving companies to take careful note. The most productive relationship marketing campaign makes room for viable benefits and promotes long term relationship with customers which are difficult to replicate (Gilbert, 1996). However, looking at the value proposition of the Hilton organisation, they try to establish loyalty among their customers by striving to delight them and expecting their changing aspiration while making sure that team members, who are important contributors to attaining this objective, are satisfied as well (Huckestein and Duboff, 1999). From this proposition it is obvious that the essential elements of product leadership and customer relationship must be attained. For the Hilton organisation the value and importance of the customer relationship has been elevated via its Hilton HHonors Loyalty programme. Hilton HHonors Benefits: It allows customers to earn both miles and points for a holiday at about 3,750 Hilton hotel brands worldwide and airline miles with partners of over 50 airlines. They provide numerous exclusive ways to accumulate points. Firstly a customer can earn them through hotel stays or with participatory credit cards; or a customer can deliberate on purchasing them if he or she feels shy of the trip to the Caribbean. One can also transfer them to their family who happens to be a member as well. The hotel also provides room to donate extra points to numerous charitable organizations. This loyalty program allows a customer to join free by registering online or offline to get a list of services and benefits that assist with directing a customers travel and rewarding the customers for their loyalty and offering customers with the undivided attention they deserve (Hilton HHonors, 2012). Loyalty Programme Classification: Hilton HHonor can be classified under the type 3 programs, it awards points to members according to their previous purchase or past purchases. This type 3 program needs a complete database that can trace a members purchase history and points. Some type 3 program persuades customers to escalate their purchases or reward substantial purchasers by creating program tiers. Hilton HHonors program provides tiers where substantial or heavy users can without difficulty build up free hotel rooms or can reserve a room on a basis that is unrestricted (Berma,2006). There are other organizations that use the type 3 program and they include Hotels like (Hyatt, Marriott rewards,) Airlines like (American Advantage) Credit card companies like (Discover card: The Mile Card, Citibank Premier Pass Elite,). Lots of type 3 programs include the partnerships of complimentary marketers like airline, car rental and hotel chains etc to enable a members gathering of points and to escalate the category of rewards options (Berma, 2006). HiltonHHonors are in partnership with airline and car rental services to facilitate the gathering of points. (Hilton HHonors, 2012) However, the company has four membership levels which include the Blue, Silver VIP, Gold VIP and Diamond VIP. Its calculated according to the number of stays in a 12 month period. It starts from no smallest amount for the Blue membership to 60 nights in a calendar year for the Diamond VIP membership. Moreover each category of membership has its own exclusive benefit which is: the Silver, Gold and Diamond VIP members are qualified for health club access while the Gold and diamond VIP members are qualified for accommodation upgrades and Only the Diamond VIP members can be assured reservations with their points with no collapsed or blackout dates. (Berma, 2006), Hilton HHonors Credit card: Hilton is known to also have co branded cards and the term co branding may simply mean the use of two or more brand names in marketing activates. This happens with the juxtaposition of brand names by labelling them side by side on a product (Blackett, 1999). Moreover Hilton has a number of co branded cards with financial companies in specific locations like Hilton HHonors cards from American Express, Citibank in the U.S, Platinum Visa card in the UK, Credit card in Germany, Visa card from Sunitomo Mitsui card co. Ltd in Japan etc. However this co branded cards allows customers earn bonus points from everyday purchases like groceries, gas, eating out etc. Customers can claim or redeem these points for flights, free hotel nights or merchandise. (Hilton HHonors, 2012). In further light, According to (McCleary and Weaver, 1991) they claim that Hotel and restaurant loyalty program were inspired by the success of airlines that give customers benefit for repeat purchase. However, these Programs look to improve the customers membership in an exclusive club with rewards from this membership such as gifts, free hotel accommodations etc. For the organisation or company the main aim is to compliment customers for their patronage and make it obvious that the company is very much interested in establishing and sustaining long term relationship with them. Hilton HHonors E- presence: Hilton HHonors has an e-presence (www.HHonors.com). The value of customer relationship has also been escalated through its loyalty program website. Via this website customers can sign up or register for rewards, hotel reservations, room preferences and so on. The characteristics of the Hilton Honors web site portray product leadership (Hilton HHonors, 2012). This site creates opportunity for interactivity between its members and the scheme in order to encourage brand and customer relationships plus customer data is also being collected and stored for future purposes for direct marketing via emails, Customized emails are sent based on a customers preferences. From the perspective of relationship, it lets customers retrieve their information and statements on the scheme. From the perspective of the brand, the brand web is duplicated and improves in the virtual world (Rowley, 2005). ANALYSIS EMPLOYING (WINER, 2001) CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MODEL Winer, Russell (2001) elaborated on the Customer Relationship Management process Model below; Figure 1.1 (Winer, 2001) Create a Database: Involves construction of customer information file which is the bedrock of customer relationship management. The database ideally should contain Customer transactions (Hotel Reservations), Contacts, explanatory information and rely to marketing incentives over time. However according to (Winer, 2001) Customer interaction quadrant, Hilton should be classified under the High-indirect box (Figure 1.2) Figure 1.2 (Winer, 2001) Customer Interactions Direct Indirect Banks Telecom Retail Airlines Packaged Goods Hotels Drugs Personal computers Internet Infrastructure Furniture Autos High Interaction Frequency Low Meaning they have to work harder to establish an Information file unlike the High -direct box which has quick and easy access to customer database E.g. Tesco. Hilton Database is also collected online up registration for the HHonors program. Analysis: Involves the analysis of established customer data with the aim of segmenting the customers by grouping those with the same behavioural pattern. This is then used to create several product offerings via direct marketing. Hilton does target the most valuable prospects for catalogue mailing and customizes the catalogues to several groups. Customer Selection: having established and analyzed the customer database information, the next step is to deliberate on which Customer group to target with marketing programs. The customers with most preferred segment (Highest purchasing rate) would be chosen first for retention programs followed by other segments. However Hilton applies this before embarking on marketing programs to encourage retention and customer acquisition. This is evident in their four membership levels. Customer Targeting: There are several ways of targeting customers after selection; they involve direct marketing techniques including telemarketing, direct mail and direct sales. This enables a company interact with customers rather than talk at them via television or radio. Hilton mainly invests time and money into telemarketing (Customer service) and direct mails in order to reach a desired audience. However today they seek permission from customers before sending mails. Relationship programs: these are techniques for executing Customer relationship marketing, the aim of this is to provide a higher level of satisfaction to customers than competing firms do. More over research has proven that there is a clear-cut positive relationship between profits and customer satisfaction (Winer, 2001). Mangers need to weight satisfaction levels by delivering performance ahead of customer expectation. Loyalty programs include frequency/Loyalty programs, Rewards programs, Customer service and Community Building. Hilton has taken the frequency/Loyalty program and Customer service as its Relationship Method which has worked to improve profitability. The Hilton HHonors as stated above provides rewards for repeat purchase. Privacy Issues: This extends through the CRM Model (Figure 1.1), Hilton uses database to provide service customers request and as a global brand they share this database with other Hilton worldwide brands to ensure same level of service. Hilton makes sure that personal information are handled according to the law. Usernames and passwords are however created for customers personal use. Metrics: This is the traditional ways managers employ in measuring the success of their product and service. Market Metrix uses Loyalty program effectiveness. It identifies the percentage of customers who affirm that their loyalty membership was the primary reason for picking the hotel. Market Metrix,( 2012) identified that Hilton hotel in 2009 had 34.6%, 2010 had 35.8% and in 2011 had 39.2% showing an increase in profitability. DRAW BACKS There are potential draw back in loyalty schemes, they are expensive, difficult to correct mistakes as the company may be seen by customers as taking away. Benefits; however there is the question whether the scheme actually works to escalate loyalty or spending behaviour plus it is also kind of difficult to have competitive advantage. (Winer, 2001) RECOMMENDATIONS These Loyalty schemes can be successful by elevating customers switching cost and building entry barriers. For the Hotel industry it has become a competitive necessity to create loyalty programs so incentives could also be encouraged for repeat visits to websites even though this has not been greatly successful. CONCLUSION This paper has reviewed some past literature on loyalty schemes along with some scepticism from a few scholars. The idea of the loyalty scheme is growing and becoming more refined each day. Hilton Hotel has created brand web through their loyalty scheme which has be expatiated above (Hilton HHonors) plus they have an E-presence. From the consumer relationship, those that the hotel refers to as most valued customers have considerably escalated their spending at the hotel. This increased or escalated spending is no doubt as a result of the customers envisioning an escalated value in their relationship with the hotel.

Comparison of Anthem for Doomed Youth and An Irish Airman Foresees His

Comparison of Anthem for Doomed Youth and An Irish Airman Foresees His Death William Butler Yeats has written many pieces of literature, mainly about Ireland as that is his passion and cause of writing. However his poem â€Å"An Irish Airman Foresees His Death† is not solely about Ireland and even though it includes that theme it is rather a criticism of apathetic people who have no reason for going to war. The form of Yeats’ poem is very structured and regular. The rhyme scheme is ABAB the whole way through the poem and has an unstressed, stressed beat every time. The poem is made up of one sixteen-lined stanza and has a straight forward structure. Yeats has used this format for emphasis to get his point across. He has made the poem using paired lines which balance with one another neutralising any feeling that there may have been. Yeats has also made the layout of the poem very simple and uncomplicated to make Robert Gregory’s reason for going to war stand out which is also simple and uncomplicated-He just wants to fly a plane. Wilfred Owen’s poem was influenced by another war poet Siegfried Sassoon. Their conversations about the horrors of war together provided the framework to many of the poems that Owen wrote. As a soldier at war, Owen was affected by the traumatising horrors of the trenches that he saw while he was out there. He was so badly affected that he was diagnosed with shell shock and sent to hospital in Edinburgh. These horrific scenes caused Owen to write such gruesome yet realistic compositions. Like Yeats’ poem, â€Å"Anthem for doomed youth† is also a criticism only this time it is a criticism of how the young soldiers who die at war do not get the recognition or heroic funeral that they so... ... a more realistic tone. Like Yeats, Owen uses rhyme, rhythm and imagery only he makes his more varied, frequent and complexed. To do this, Owen has used an assortment of literary devices such as metaphors, similes, personification, onomatopoeia and alliteration. This helps Owen to elaborate his poem in more serious, gruesome detail which he often does, even in other literature and a good example of this would be another poem called â€Å"Dulce et docormest.† He has seen the horror and futility of war first hand and this is reflected through his use of emotive language. The two poems are diverse to one another as Owen uses numerous amounts of imagery and has a lack of structure which results in an abundance of emotion where as Yeats is the complete opposite and comprehends constant structure and image deficiency which consequently leads to a lack of emotion.

Research Essay: Obesity & Nutrition Essay

Eating is one of my hobbies. I used to discovered lots of places with special food anytime I was free. I remembered my favorite food is fried chicken and cheese sticks. Eating these food day by day made me overweight, and the doctor said I had a heart problem. He said I was lucky because some other people were diagnosed obesity. It took a lot of effort for the obesity people to get back to the normal weight. America, where fast food is everywhere with a very affordable price, was one of the most country having a highest rate of the obesity. Although there are some main reasons that lead to serious consequences, obesity is not a very bad thing and can be prevent by ourselves. The first topic will focus on the physical reasons that lead people to obesity. Environment is one of the most important reason that affects, encourages obesity. For example, the tight work schedules leave people no free time to exercise; the lack of neighborhood side walks or safe places to exercise; the lack of access to healthy foods makes people gain unnecessary fat. Beside, junk food is a major reason, also. The characteristic of junk food is lots of fat contain, and difficult to digest, which resulted in gaining weight to whom eating it. The last main physical reason is the lack of energy balance. According to the â€Å"What causes overweight and obesity?† article, to maintain a healthy weight, your energy in and out have to balance exactly overtime. Overweight and obesity happened over time when you took in more calories than you used. The second topic shows how some mental issues can lead to obesity as well. Some people tend to eat more when they have depression or stress. There are some certain hormones, that the body released, can increase the tendency to store fat, gain weight when you’re in stress. Alcoholism is not only an addiction but also a reason that leads to obesity. Any kind of alcohol beverage adds fat more to the body. People who drink on a regular basic will have potbelly, and have a high potential to obesity and heart diseases. The last but no least reason is genes and health problems. In fact, the amount  of fat stored, and where the fat carried in the body are affected by genes. According to â€Å"What causes overweight and obesity?† article, your chances of being overweight were greater if one or both of your parents were overweight or obese. Children adopt the habits of their parents. In addition, there are some diseases from hormone problems that cause obesity, for example, hypothyroidism, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Hypothyroidism happens when the thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone. Therefore, it will slow down the metabolism and makes the body gain weight quicker. A study in the â€Å"Hypothyroidism and obesity. Cause or effect?† article had shown that overall thyroid dysfunction was found more in obese individuals with varying degree of significance. About five to ten percent of women of childbearing age were affected by PCOS to gain a high level of androgens hormones, which make people obese. Obesity can lead to a major consequence in people’s health. Obesity can make a stress on our heart, lungs, and bones. Furthermore, the article â€Å"Health effects of obesity† had pointed out a lot more health diseases that caused by obesity such as high blood pressure, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, joint problems, sleep apnea, cancer, psychosocial effects, and so on. Michael Fumento said in an interview of the â€Å"Obesity† article that few fat people really knew how much harm they were inflicting upon themselves, pointing to the mountain of scientific evidence linking obesity with various diseases and conditions such as infertility. The risk of death rises with increasing weight. A study showed that each year, obesity related conditions caused an estimated 300,000 premature deaths in the US. People had diabetes are obese at a rate of over 80 percent. The second consequence is that obesity creates the weight discrimination and economic downturn. Society considers that fat people have to take the responsibility for their condition, their body. Therefore, many obese people were treated rudely, courtesy than thinner people. Some are making fun with the body of obese people by calling them â€Å"fatty†, or â€Å"a rolling bread.† The â€Å"Obesity† article had quoted a sentence from Sally Smith, who said fat people were taught to feel guilty and blamed themselves for the failures of weight loss programs, and to expect and accept rejection, mistreatment and discrimination regarding their weight. Obesity takes part in the economic downturn, especially on the U.S health care system. In 2008, the costs of medical care for the obesity in America were about 147 billion. Medical costs are associated with obesity directly and indirectly. The costs come from preventive, diagnosis, treatment services, and also the morbidity and mortality cost. As a comparison, the lifetime costs of obesity provided by the government are greater than the lifetime costs assessed by the smokers. Obesity can be reduced and prevent by ourselves through better diet. The best way to lose weight is to reduce the caloric intake. By counting calories, eating good meals, exercising more often, you can control your weight. Vegetables, whole grains, lean protein and fruit are not only contain less calories but also improve one’s health condition. Fiber was studied that it could prevent hunger pangs and keep you full longer. There is a collection of choice such as, brown rice, wheat bread, broccoli, spinach, etc. Dividing your food into five small meals during a day can keep you up with your metabolism and reduce the amount of sugar in your blood. Drinking water is not less important. Ten glasses of water can help you flush out the toxins. Drinking a glass of waer before eating can reduce the hunger. In addition, there are many activities held to courage the obese to have to better life style as well as some policies from government with the same goal. There are many weight loss camps achieved for adults and childrens. They can not only learn how to lose weight but also have fun, learn new skill, and gain confidence. These camps empower people to fight against the weight discrimination, support them to stand up and live their own way without feeling depression. Soda taxes is a topic which was disscussing these day. If the law was passed, placing a high tax on soda would discourage Americans from consuming unhealthy beverages, which is a crucial first step toward making the U.S. healthier as a whole, quoted from â€Å"Soda taxes† article. Beside, limiting advertises by news or revised rules during television programs may help reducing the childhood obesity epidemic. In conclusion, obesity is not a problem that can be solved in a short time.  The reasons that cause obesity come from many perspectives, genes, health problem, environment, daily diet, and so on. The effect of the obesity is now increasing more than the past that gains many problems for people’s health as well as the country’s economic. People bring themselves to obesity; and only them can get themselves out of it. With the help from many resources, they can acknowledge themselves to prepare a better meal. The community and government also help the obese people by organizing a lot of weight loss camping, and establish new law to prevent the incresing of obesity. There’s nothing that can stop you being a better person. All you need is resolve, commitment that you want to get rid of fat, and you can do it. WORKS CITED: â€Å"Health Effects Of Obesity.† Stanford: Hospital & Clinics. Stanford hospital & clinics, 2013. Web. 08 Dec 2013. Med, Saudi J. â€Å"Hypothyroidism And Obesity. Cause Or Effect?† NCBI. National center of biotechnology information, 29 Aug 2008. Web. 08 Dec 2013. â€Å"Obesity.† Issues & Controversies On File: n. pag. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 9 May 2003. Web. 8 Dec. 2013. â€Å"Soda Taxes.† Issues & Controversies On File: n. pag. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services, 18 Dec. 2009. Web. 9 Dec. 2013. â€Å"What Causes Overweight And Obesity.† NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. NHIBL, 12 July 2012. Web. 08 Dec 2013.